| ABSTRACT |
Learning begins with Observe, where students explore scenarios through industry cases, AI-generated visuals, videos, and real-world examples.
In Model, conceptual understanding is developed through structured instruction supported by infographic-based materials, process diagrams, and visual storytelling.
Students then experience learning by engaging in interactive activities such as quizzes, collaborative discussions, and gamified tasks that promote active participation and immediate feedback.
The Reflect stage encourages students to consolidate their understanding through formative assessment, peer discussion, and instructor feedback.
Finally, in Apply, students transfer theoretical knowledge to authentic OM problems by analysing scenarios and proposing practical solutions, thereby strengthening higher-order thinking and industry readiness.
The framework is designed for educators¿ implementation across face-to-face, blended, and online learning environments using readily available educational technologies.
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