| ABSTRACT |
Citric acid is one of the important organic acids that have essential applications in food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. From the 2nd world war the production of citric acid has increased rapidly where it reaches approximately to 2.0 million tons in the 2011. The remarkable demand of the global market for the citric acid encouraged and stimulated the industry to look for economical production of the citric acid in large amount and from low grade raw materials. Paddy straw is one of the agricultural residues that is mostly left in field to burnt causing environmental problems by releasing large amount of heat and carbon dioxide. Solid-State Fermentation gain more attention from researchers and industry due to; lower energy requirements, less waste water generation, less environmental concerns regarding the disposal of solid waste.
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